Breaking the Trilemma
The Problem
- L1 Bloat: Monolithic VMs cause congestion, high fees, centralization
- L2 Fragmentation: Rollups create isolated liquidity, bridge risks, async delays
The Solution
vProgs: Lightweight, deterministic logic modules native to L1
Off-chain execution + on-chain ZK verification = infinite scalability without fragmentation
Architecture
Sovereign State
Each vProg owns exclusive accounts. Mutually trustless. Complete sovereignty over resource management.
Off-Chain Compute
Complex execution happens off-chain. L1 only validates ZK proofs. Scales horizontally with prover market.
L1 Sequencing
BlockDAG consensus provides immutable sequencing. Pure PoW security. Instant finality via DagKnight.
ZK Verification
Cryptographic proofs submitted to L1. State commitments via Merkle roots. Concise witnesses for composability.
Architectural Comparison
| Feature | EVM L1 | L2 Rollups | vProgs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Execution | On-chain (heavy) | Off-chain (isolated) | Off-chain (unified) |
| Composability | Synchronous | Asynchronous | Synchronous |
| Liquidity | Unified | Fragmented | Unified |
| L1 Load | High | Minimal | Minimal |
| Scalability | Limited | Bridge latency | Prover market |
Synchronous Composability
Multiple dApps interact in a single, atomic transaction. No bridges. No delays. No fragmentation.
Cross-vProg Atomicity
Trustless read/write interactions. State dependencies resolved in one transaction. Mathematical cryptographic proof.
Unified Liquidity
All applications share L1 settlement state. No parasitic rollup monopolies. True decentralization.
MEV Resistance
Deterministic, synchronous execution. No latency-based front-running. Bundled operations protected.
Example: Complex DeFi Flow
Borrow stablecoins → Swap immediately → Stake in one atomic L1 transaction
Compute off-chain → Generate combined proof → Submit to L1 → Instant finality
DagKnight + vProgs
DagKnight consensus upgrade enables precise sequencing essential for programmable applications.
Precise Ordering
Parameterless adaptive consensus. Faster convergence. No sequencing jitter.
30,000+ TPS
Parallel BlockDAG sequencing + ZK computational offloading = exponential scalability.
Instant Finality
Near-instant finality at scale. Reliable state verification. Enterprise-grade settlement.
Enabled Applications
DeFi Primitives
DEXs, auctions, vaults, lending protocols
DAOs & Governance
Programmable multi-sig, autonomous organizations
Privacy & Identity
ZK-based privacy, identity verification, escrow
Enterprise Finance
Automated compliance, audit trails, institutional settlement
Enterprise-Grade Infrastructure
Automated compliance logic on-chain. ZK-based monitoring and reporting. Real-time settlement without trusted third parties.
Strategic Position
Kaspa vProgs occupy a new category: programmable, scalable, PoW-secured settlement layer with instant DAG finality.
Pure PoW security
BlockDAG speed
Native programmability
Unified L1 liquidity
Synchronous composability
No fragmentation